Sleep may not be restful, and the person may feel sluggish despite many hours of sleep, which may be a factor in the worsening of their depressive symptoms, which interfere with other aspects of their lives. Hypersomnia may include sleeping for prolonged periods at night or increased sleeping during the daytime. Symptoms of insomnia include trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. Major depressive episodes are known to cause sleep disturbances such as insomnia or, less frequently, hypersomnia. Withdrawal from social settings and neglect of personal relationships often accompany depressed mood, and may be noticed by those close to the person. In children and adolescents, a depressed mood often presents as irritability. In addition, the person may experience one or more of the following emotions: sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, indifference, anxiety, tearfulness, pessimism, emotional numbness, or irritability. Either a depressive mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities for most of the day or every day must be present for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode. Signs and symptoms ĭepressed mood is the most common symptom of a major depressive episode. Treatments for a major depressive episode include psychotherapy and antidepressants, although in more severe cases, hospitalization or intensive outpatient treatment may be required. According to the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, there is a direct correlation between a major depressive episode and unemployment. In the United States and Canada, the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to heart disease, diabetes, and back problems and are greater than the costs of hypertension. Socioeconomic status, life experience, genetics, and personality traits are believed to be factors in the development of depression and may represent an increased risk of developing a major depressive episode. Īlthough the exact origin of depression is unclear, it is believed to involve biological, psychological, and social aspects. Insomnia or hypersomnia and aches, pains, or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may also be present. Other symptoms can include feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, anxiety, worthlessness, guilt, irritability, changes in appetite, difficulties in concentration, difficulties remembering details, making decisions, and thoughts of suicide. Those affected primarily exhibit a depressive mood for at least two weeks or more, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Self-harm suicide difficulty functioning in everyday lifeįamily history acute stresses (major life changes, adverse life experiences) chronic health problemsīased on symptoms as outlined in the DSM-5Īny psychotic disorders Adjustment disorder Anxiety disorder Bipolar disorder Gender dysphoria Personality disorder Substance use disorderĪ major depressive episode ( MDE) is a period characterized by symptoms of major depressive disorder. Low mood loss of interest/pleasure difficulty concentration fatigue excessive guilt thoughts of death/suicide Medical condition Major depressive episode
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